Cyclone trading system

En tropisk cyklon som förekommer i västra Stilla havet eller Indiska oceanen. Förändring (påverkad av kinesiska termer för tyfoner, kanske kantonesiska toi 2 fung 1. tyfon och släktnamn) av tidigare engelska tuffon, tufan. deluge. från hindi och urdu tx16bfx101n. storm av vind och regn, översvämning. från arabiska x1e6dx16bfx101n. deluge. från grekiska tuphx14dn. Typhon, virvelvind. 1. (Fysisk geografi) en våldsam tropisk storm eller cyklon, särskilt i Kinas hav och V Stilla havet 2. (Fysisk geografi) En våldsam storm i Indien C16: från kinesisk tai fung stor vind, från den stora svampen som påverkas av grekiska tuphn virvelvind ty8226phoon 1. En tropisk cyklon eller orkan i W-Stillahavsområdet och Kinas hav. 2. En våldsam storm eller storm i Indien. 169082111700 lt dial. Kinesiska (Guangdong) daaih-fng (liknar kinesisk df275ng stor vind), förändrad genom association med grekisk vindkraft från Grekland En orkan som uppträder i västra Stilla havet. Se anmärkning vid cyklon. en cyklon eller orkan i västra Stilla havet. En intensiv cyklon i Kinas havet där den spirande vindhastigheten når över 100 miles (160km) per timme. Tesaurus Antonyms Relaterade ord Synonymer Legend: En våldsam havstorm som uppträder i öst. De fångades i en tyfon i Kinas hav. tifoon tufo furao tajfun der Taifun tyfon tifn taifuun taifuuni typhon tajfun, orkan tjfun topan fellibylur tifone taifnas taifns taufan tyfoon virvelstorm. tyfon tajfun tufao taifun tajfn tajfun tajfun tyfon tayfun. iddetli kasrga bo till Länk till den här sidan: Referenser i klassisk litteratur Jag ser den våldsamma vapenvågen nu ser jag att framflyttande värd som jag såg det då ser jag hatet i de grymma ögonen Jag minns hur jag drog mitt huvud på mitt bröst Känner jag igen den plötsliga jordbävningschocken i min baksida, som administreras av själva rammen, jag offrade mig för att rädda jag hör en gång en tyfon av skratt som sprängde från överfallskolonnen när jag klöde det från skåpbil till baksida som ett Sepoy-skott från en Rodman pistol. Glad det är en tyfon från söder, för det kommer att leda oss framåt. Hon sträckte sig fram för att höja en tyfon från kocken, och nästan på sin skugga rullade i Babu, roade sig till axlarna som en romersk kejsare, jowled som Titus, korkad, med nya patentskinnskor i högsta tillstånd av fett, utstrålande glädje och hälsningar. Ändå var han en man som hade mött orörda orkan och tyfon. och skulle inte tveka att bekämpa ett dussin obeväpnade niggers med ingenting annat än en revolver för att hjälpa honom. De var fridfulla fiskare, de förklarade, vars prahus hade blivit krossad i den senaste tyfonen. Det var ryktet att de gick till södra havet - var förlorade på en handelsskonare i en tyfon. eller något sådant. Den glada misten var min skoningsnamn, och jag trodde att hon var starkt byggd tills hon slog den tyfonen. En vild, vandrande någonstans bortom gränserna för horisonten, kunde ha trott att någon ny krater bildades i Florida boskap, även om det inte fanns någon utbrott eller tyfon. inte heller storm eller elementskamp, ​​eller några av de fruktansvärda fenomen som naturen kan producera. Gales vi stötte upprepade gånger, för det var en rå och stormig region, och i mitten av juni var en tyfon mest minnesvärd för mig och viktigast på grund av förändringarna genomverkad på min framtid. Jag kan våga försvara detsamma av varje aspekt av berättelsen, medan jag bekänner att den speciella tyfonen i sagan inte var en tyfon av min faktiska erfarenhet. Långt kryddat och väderfärgat i tyfoner och lugnar av alla fyra oceanerna, blev hennes gamla skrovkolleken mörkad som en fransk grenadirer som likaledes kämpade i Egypten och Sibirien. Låt ägarna stå på Nantucket Beach och Outyell Typhoons. Tamarack Aerospace mottar kompletterande typcertifikat för Active Winglet-systemet Tamarack Aerospace Group har mottagit US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Supplemental Type Certificate (STC) för sitt Active Winglet-system för Cessna CJ-verksamheten jet. Före detta förvärvade företaget valideringen av den europeiska luftfartssäkerhetsmyndigheten (EASA) den 23 december 2015. Tamarack kommer nu att installera sina Active Winglets på Cessna CJ, CJ1, CJ1 amp M2 jetplanen i USA och Europa. ldquoVikten av FAA-godkännandet kan inte understated. quot Kunderna får 25 bränslebesparingar för CJ amp CJ1 och 13 för CJ1 amp M2-jetarna. Tamarack Aerospace Group CEO Nick Guida sa: ldquo Betydelsen av FAA-godkännandet kan inte underskattas. ldquo Vi har en lång lista över beställningar och våra kunder arbetar aktivt med vår partner, Cessna, på schemaläggningsinstallationer. Med STC bakom oss förväntar vi oss ett betydande antal nya beställningar från kunder som har väntat på certifiering. rdquo Tamarackrsquos Active Winglet-system består av en vingspetsförlängning, en stämd winglet och lastlindringsteknik. Tekniken arbetar genom att motverka och lindra vindbelastningar och manövrerade belastningar utan att strukturens förstärkning görs. Med kombinationen av winglet och vingspetsförlängning ökar wingrsquos bildförhållande, vilket resulterar i prestandaförbättringar och bränslebesparingar. Utmattningstiden förlängning och bruttoviktökningar är också möjliga med Tamarackrsquos Active Winglet-teknik, som är skalbar och kan installeras på alla typer av flygplan. Bild: Tamarackrsquos Active Winglet-system består av en vingspetsförlängning, en stämd winglet och lastlindringsteknik. Foto: artighet av Tamarack Aerospace Group. Har du någonsin undrat vad en baghouse är eller vad NMOG står för. Den kalla strykning är inte ett nytt sätt att få rynkor ur en tröja eller att en SIP inte är en dryck smakprov. Du är inte ensam. ARB har uppdaterat sin ordlista med luftföroreningsvillkor och listor över akronymer som hjälp. Tänk på att vi inte försöker skapa en uttömmande lista, inte heller ger vi juridisk terminologi. Denna ordlista är helt enkelt en resurs för allmänheten. En Kalifornien stats lag (hälsa och säkerhet kod avsnitt 39650 och följande) som trädde i kraft i januari 1984 och fastställde ramen för Californias giftiga luftföroreningar identifierings - och kontrollprogram. För mer information, se vår toxics sammanfattning. Assembly Bill 998 fastställde det icke-toxiska rengöringsincitamentprogrammet för att ge kemtvättindustrin 10 000 bidragsmedel för att byta från system med perkloretylen (Perc), en identifierad giftig luftförorenande och potentiellt humant cancerframkallande, giftigt och icke-smog bildande alternativ. Lagstiftningen kräver också ARB att upprätta ett demonstrationsprogram för att visa upp dessa icke-toxiska och icke-smogbildande teknologier. Ett Kalifornienprogram (Hälsa och säkerhetskod avsnitt 44300 och följande) som kräver vissa stationära källor för att rapportera typen och kvantiteten av specifika toxiska substanser som de släpper regelbundet ut i luften. Programmet identifierar högprioriterade anläggningar och kräver anläggningar som medför betydande risker för att meddela alla utsatta personer. För mer information besök vår AB 2588 hemsida. Ett program som tillåter luftdistrikt och lokala myndigheter att allokera fordonsregistreringsavgiftavgifter till projekt som minskar utsläppen från motorfordon som fordon med nollutsläpp. cykelbanor och resvägsreduceringsprogram. Lagstiftaren gick och guvernör Schwarzenegger undertecknade AB 32, som satte målen för minskning av växthusgasutsläppen för 2020 till lag. Det ledde ARB att utveckla diskreta tidiga åtgärder för att minska växthusgaser samtidigt som man förbereder en plan för överensstämmelse för att identifiera hur man bäst kan nå 2020 års gräns för utsläpp av växthusgaser. Minskning eller eliminering av förorening. Godtagbart dagligt intag (ADI) Den högsta dagliga mängden av ett ämne som kan konsumeras under en livstid utan negativa effekter. En omfattande term för de olika sätten sura föreningar fäller ut ur atmosfären och läggs på ytor. Det kan innefatta: 1) våt avlagring med surt regn, dimma och snö och 2) torr avsättning av sura partiklar (aerosoler). Regn som är särskilt sur (pH är mindre än 5,2). Huvudkomponenterna för surt regn innehåller vanligen salpetersyra och svavelsyra. Dessa kan bildas genom kombinationen av kväve och svaveloxider med vattenånga i atmosfären. ARB använder många akronymer och vi hoppas att listan över akronymer listor kommer att vara till hjälp för användare av denna webbplats. Akut exponering En eller en serie kortvariga exponeringar som i allmänhet varar mindre än 24 timmar. En hälsoeffekt som uppträder under en relativt kort tidsperiod (t ex minuter eller timmar). Termen används för att beskriva korta exponeringar och effekter som uppträder snabbt efter exponering. Tilläggskontrollenhet En luftföroreningsanordning som kolabsorbent eller förbränningsugn som minskar föroreningen i avgasen. Kontrollanordningen påverkar vanligtvis inte processen som styrs och är därmed tilläggsteknologi, i motsats till ett system för att styra föroreningar genom att ändra själva grundprocessen. Se även föroreningsförebyggande. En utsläppskontrollanordning som avlägsnar VOC från en gasström som ett resultat av att gasen fäster (adsorberar) på en fast matris, såsom aktivt kol. Advanced Technology Partial Zero Emission Vehicle (AT PZEV) Ett fordon som uppfyller standarden för partiell nollutsläpp (PZEV) och innehåller nollutsläppsfordon som möjliggör teknik. En hälsoeffekt från exponering för luftföroreningar som kan sträcka sig från relativt milda tillfälliga tillstånd, såsom ögon - eller halsirritation, andfåddhet eller huvudvärk, till permanenta och allvarliga tillstånd, såsom fosterskador, cancer eller lungskador, nerver, lever, hjärta eller andra organ. Partiklar av fast eller flytande substans som kan förbli suspenderad i luft från några minuter till många månader beroende på partikelstorlek och vikt. AFIP (Alternativt bränsleincitamentprogram) Enligt sammanslutningsräkning 1811, ARB tillsammans med Kaliforniens energikommission, utvecklade en gemensam plan för att spendera 25 miljoner i syfte att stimulera biobränslen och högeffektiv, lågemitterande fordonsteknik. Fonderna var för att utveckla specifika åtgärder för att minska luftföroreningar och växthusgasutsläpp från bränslen och mobila källor. AB 1811 krävde att fonderna skulle vara belagda senast den 30 juni 2007 och utlovas senast den 30 juni 2009. Beskogning Plantering av nya skogar på land där den föregående växten eller marken inte innehöll skogar. Efterbrännare En luftföroreningsreduceringsanordning som avlägsnar oönskade organiska gaser genom förbränning. Jordbruk Burning Den avsiktliga användningen av brand för vegetationshantering inom områden som jordbruksmarker, fruktträdgårdar, skogsland och skogar. Förordningen beskrivs i Agricultural Burning Guidelines, Title 17, California Code of Regulations. För mer information, se vår webbplats för rökhanteringsprogram. Den så kallade rena luften är en blandning av gaser som innehåller cirka 78 procent kväve 21 procent syre mindre än 1 procent koldioxid. argon och andra gaser och varierande mängder vattenånga. Se även omgivande luft. Ett landområde med allmänt liknande meteorologiska och geografiska förhållanden i hela. I så stor utsträckning definieras luftgränsbegränsningar längs de politiska gränserna och inkluderar både käll - och receptorområdena. Kalifornien är för närvarande indelad i 15 flygbassänger. Åtgärder för luftburna toxiska kontroller (ATCM) En kontrollåtgärd som antagits av ARB (Health and Safety Code 39666 et seq.), Som minskar utsläppen av giftiga luftföroreningar. Mer information finns på vår ATCM-webbsida. En politisk organisation som ansvarar för att hantera luftkvaliteten på regionalt eller länsbasis. Kalifornien är för närvarande indelad i 35 luftdistrikt. (Se även luftföroreningsdistrikt och luftkvalitetsstyrningsdistrikt). För mer information, se vår lokala flygkvarterskatalog. Luftövervakning Provtagning och mätning av föroreningar i atmosfären. Mängder främmande andor naturliga ämnen som uppstår i atmosfären som kan leda till negativa effekter på människor, djur, vegetation och material. (Se även luftförorening.) Nedbrytning av luftkvaliteten som härrör från oönskade kemikalier eller andra material som förekommer i luften. (Se även luftföroreningar.) En länsbyrå med befogenhet att reglera stationära, indirekta och områdeskällor för luftföroreningar (t. ex. kraftverk, motorvägskonstruktion och bostadsutveckling) inom ett visst län och styrs av ett kontrollkommitté för distansluftföroreningar som består av valda länsövervakare. (Se även luftkvalitetsstyrningsdistriktet eller luftföroreningsregistret). Luftkvalitetsindex (AQI) Ett numeriskt index som används för rapportering av allvarliga luftföroreningsnivåer för allmänheten. Det ersätter det tidigare använda föroreningsstandardindexet (PSI). Liksom PSI innehåller AQI fem kriterier för föroreningar - ozon, partiklar, kolmonoxid, svaveldioxid och kvävedioxid - i ett enda index. Det nya indexet innehåller också 8-timmars ozonstandard och 24-timmars PM2.5-standard i indexberäkningen. AQI-nivåer varierar från 0 (Bra luftkvalitet) till 500 (Farlig luftkvalitet). Ju högre indexet desto högre nivåer av föroreningar och desto större sannolikhet för hälsoeffekter. AQI innehåller en ytterligare indexkategori - ohälsosam för känsliga grupper - som sträcker sig från 101 till 150. Dessutom kommer AQI med mer detaljerade försiktighetsåtgärder. Mer information finns på vår hemsida för luftkvalitetsindex. En grupp av län eller delar av län eller ett enskilt län som är lagstadgat med behörighet att reglera stationära, indirekta och områdeskällor för luftföroreningar inom regionen och regleras av ett regionalt kontrollorgan för luftföroreningar som till stor del består av valda tjänstemän från regionen . (Se även luftförorenings kontrolldistrikt). För mer information, se vår lokala flygkvarterskatalog. En plan som utarbetats av en APCDAQMD, för ett län eller en region som utsetts som ett icke-uppnådd område. i syfte att få området att överensstämma med kraven i de nationella och / eller lokala luftkvalitetsnormerna i Kalifornien. AQMPs införlivas i den statliga genomförandeplanen (SIP). En person anställd av den lokala, statliga eller federala regeringen för att hantera luftkvaliteten. Ett matematiskt förhållande mellan utsläpp och luftkvalitet som simulerar på en dator transport, dispersion och transformation av föreningar som emitteras i luften. För mer information, se vår mjukvarans webbsida. Luftkvalitetsstandard (AQS) Den föreskrivna nivån för ett förorenande ämne i ytterluften som inte bör överskridas under en viss tidsperiod för att skydda folkhälsan. Upprättad av både federala och statliga regeringar. (Se även luftkvalitetsnormer för omgivningen.) För mer information se våra omgivande luftkvalitetsstandarder. Arbetsgrupper för luftkvalitet Arbetsgrupper (AQWG) Rådgivande grupper som tillhandahåller forum för kommunikation, samarbete och samordning vid utveckling och genomförande av luftkvalitetsbekämpningsåtgärder. De kan bestå av representanter från ARB, medborgargrupper, miljögrupper, industri, lokala luftdistrikt och US EPA. En delmängd av flygbassängen. termen betecknar ett geografiskt område som delar samma luft på grund av topografi, meteorologi och klimat. Air Toxics En generisk term som hänvisar till en skadlig kemikalie eller en grupp kemikalier i luften. Ämnen som är särskilt hälsofarliga, som de som betraktas enligt US EPAs farliga luftförorenande program eller Californias AB 1807 andor AB 2588 luft toxikprogram, anses vara flygtillsatser. Tekniskt sett är en förening som är i luften och har potential att producera skadliga hälsoeffekter en luft giftig. För mer information, besök vår webbplats för toxics. Ersättningar En auktorisation att emittera upp till ett ton koldioxidekvivalent under ett visst år. Bränslen som metanol, etanol, naturgas och flytande petroleumgas som är renare och hjälper till att uppfylla ARB: s mobila och stationära utsläppsnormer. Dessa bränslen kan användas i stället för mindre rena bränslen för drivning av motorfordon. För mer information, besök vår alternativa bränslewebbplats. Luften uppträder vid en viss tidpunkt och placeras utanför strukturer. Ofta används utbytbart med utomhusluft. (Se även luft.) Hälso - och välfärdsbaserade normer för utomhusluft som identifierar de högsta tillåtna genomsnittliga koncentrationerna av luftföroreningar under en viss tidsperiod. (Se även CAAQS och NAAQS och Criteria Air Pollutant.) För mer information, besök vår hemsida för luftkvalitetsnormer. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) En ideell organisation som ger ett forum för producenter, konsumenter och företrädare för regeringen och industrin att skriva laboratorieteststandarder för material, produkter, system och tjänster. ASTM publicerar standard testmetoder, specifikationer, praxis, guider, klassificeringar och terminologi. För mer information, besök vår ASTM-webbplats. Ammoniak (NH3) En skarp färglös gasformig förening av kväve och vätgas som är mycket lösligt i vatten och kan lätt kondenseras till en vätska genom kall och tryck. Ammoniak reagerar med NOx för att bilda ammoniumnitrat - en viktig PM2.5-komponent i västra USA. Anaerob digestion En biokemisk process där bakterier bryter ner biologiskt nedbrytbart organiskt material, såsom gödsel, i en syrefri miljö. Temperatur, fukt, näringsinnehåll och pH, ​​kan regleras genom användning av en lufttät kammare (kokare). Nedbrytningen av det organiska materialet resulterar i biogas, en blandning av metan (CH4), koldioxid (CO2) och spårmängder av andra gaser. De källor där en metod används för att uppskatta utsläpp. Detta kan omfatta områdesövergripande, mobila och naturliga källor och även grupper av stationära källor (t. ex. kemtvättar och bensinstationer). Kalifornien Clean Air Act kräver luftdistrikt att inkludera områdeskällor i utvecklingen och genomförandet av AQMP. I Kaliforniens utsläppsinventering ingår alla källor som inte rapporteras som enskilda punktkällor som arealkällor. Det federala luftgiftprogrammet definierar en källa som avger mindre än 10 ton per år av ett enda farligt luftförorenande ämne (HAP) eller 25 ton per år av alla HAP som en arealkälla. För mer information, besök vår webbplatsövergripande källmetodik webbplats. Källor för förorening där utsläppen sprids över ett brett område, såsom konsumentprodukter, eldstäder, vägdamm och jordbruksverksamhet. Omfattande källor inkluderar inte mobilkällor eller stationära källor. En typ av kolväte. såsom bensen eller toluen. Vissa aromatiska ämnen är giftiga. En mineralfiber som kan förorena luft eller vatten och orsaka cancer eller asbestos vid inandning. U. S. EPA har förbjudit eller strängt begränsat sin användning vid tillverkning och konstruktion och ARB har infört gränser för mängden asbest i serpentinrock som används för ytbehandlingar. För mer information, besök vår hemsida. En kronisk inflammatorisk störning i lungorna som kännetecknas av väsande andning, andning, brösttäthet och hosta. Den gasformiga massan eller kuvertet av luft som omger jorden. Från jordnivån upp är atmosfären vidare indelad i troposfären. stratosfären, mesosfären och termosfären. Ett geografiskt område som identifierats för att ha luftkvalitet lika bra som, eller bättre än, de nationella och / eller lokala luftkvalitetsnormerna i Kalifornien (NAAQS CAAQS). Ett område kan vara ett uppnåningsområde för ett förorenande ämne och ett icke-upptagningsområde för andra. För mer information, besök vår webbplatsbeteckningssida. Authority to Construct (AC) Ett förbyggnads tillstånd utfärdat av ett luftdistrikt. En luftföroreningskontrollanordning som fäller partiklar genom att tvinga gasflöden genom stora permeabla påsar som vanligen är gjorda av glasfibrer. För mer information, besök vår hemsida för bagageutbildning. En bestämmelse i luftdistriktstillstånd som tillåter en anläggning att ackumulera krediter för att minska utsläppen utöver regulatoriska gränser (utsläppsminskningskrediter) och sedan använda eller sälja dessa krediter vid ett senare tillfälle. Mer information finns på vår webbplats för ny källa granskning. Batteri Elektrisk fordon (BEV) Ett fordon som drivs med el som är lagrad i batterier och har en elektromotor snarare än en förbränningsmotor. Dessa fordon uppfyller också kraven i fordonsförordningen. Bästa tillgängliga kontrollmåttet (BACM) En term som används för att beskriva de bästa åtgärderna (enligt USA: s EPA-vägledning) för att kontrollera små eller dispergerade partikelkällor och andra utsläpp från källor som vägdamm, vedspisar och öppen bränning. De mest aktuella metoderna, systemen, teknikerna och produktionsprocesserna är tillgängliga för att uppnå de största möjliga utsläppsminskningarna för givna reglerade luftföroreningar och processer. BACT är ett krav på NSR (New Source Review) och PSD (förebyggande av signifikant försämring). För mer information besök vår BACT hemsida. Bästa tillgängliga retrofitkontrollteknik (BARCT) En begränsning av luftutsläpp som gäller befintliga källor och baseras på den maximala graden av minskning som kan uppnås, med hänsyn till miljömässiga, energi - och ekonomiska konsekvenser av varje klass eller kategori av källa. (Se även Bästa tillgängliga styrteknik.) För mer information, besök vår BARCT-webbplats. Biogen källa Biologiska källor som växter och djur som avger luftföroreningar som flyktiga organiska föreningar. Exempel på biogena källor är djurhanteringsoperationer och ek - och tallskogar. (Se även naturliga källor.) Mer information finns på vår webbplats Ecosystems Impact. Bulk Plant En mellanliggande bensinfördelningsanläggning där leverans av bensin till och från anläggningen är enbart med lastbil. En byrå i California Department of Consumer Affairs som hanterar genomförandet av inspektions - och underhållsprogrammet för motorfordon. För mer information, besök vår Smog Check webbplats. En dag som inte officiellt bestäms av meteorologer och luftkvalitetschefer för att vara en brinnande dag. Bränningsdagar varierar med flygbassängen på vilken dag som helst. För mer information, besök vår webbplats för rökhanteringsprogram. California Air Pollution Officers Association (CAPCOA) En ideell förening av luftförorenings kontrollansvariga från alla 35 luftkvalitetskontor i hela Kalifornien. CAPCOA bildades 1975 för att främja ren luft och att tillhandahålla ett forum för delning av kunskap, erfarenhet och information bland luftkvalitetskontrollorganen runt om i staten. CAPCOA är en organisation av luftkvalitetsprofessorer - ledare inom sitt område - som främjar enhet och effektivitet och strävar efter att uppmuntra konsistens i metoder och metoder för kontroll av luftföroreningar. För mer information, besök vår CAPCOAs hemsida. Staterna leder luftkvalitetskontor bestående av en 11-ledig styrelse utsedd av guvernören och drygt tusen anställda. ARB ansvarar för uppnåendet och upprätthållandet av de statliga och federala luftkvalitetsnormerna. Kalifornien klimatförändringsprogram, och är helt ansvarig för föroreningsbekämpning av motorfordon. Det övervakar läns - och regionala luftföroreningshanteringsprogram. En laggräns som anger maximal nivå och tid för exponering i utomhusluften för ett givet luftförorenande ämne och som skyddar människors hälsa och allmänhetens välfärd. CAAQS rekommenderas av OEHHA och antas i reglering av ARB. CAAQS är de standarder som måste uppfyllas enligt kraven i California Clean Air Act (CCAA). För mer information, besök vår AAQS webbplats. En Kalifornienlag passerade 1988 som utgör grunden för planering och reglering av luftkvalitet oberoende av federala bestämmelser. Ett väsentligt inslag i lagen är kravet på att lokala luftdistrikt i strid med CAAQS måste utarbeta planer för att uppnå planer för luftkvaliteten, orsaker, trender och åtgärder som ska vidtas för att uppnå och upprätthålla Californias luftkvalitetsnormer så tidigt som möjligt. California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA) En statlig myndighet grundad 1991 för att samordna miljöverksamhet relaterad till folkhälsoskyddet i delstaten Kalifornien. Det finns fem styrelser, avdelningar och kontor under organisationen av CalEPA, inklusive California Air Resources Board (ARB). Statliga vattenresurser (SWRCB) och dess nio regionala kontroller för vattenkvalitetskontroll (RWQCB), Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR), Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) och Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA). CalEPA: s styrelser, avdelningar och kontor är direkt ansvariga för genomförandet av Kaliforniens miljölagar, eller spelar en kooperativ roll med andra regleringsorgan på regional, lokal, statlig och federal nivå. För en fullständig lista över CalEPA-organisationer, se CalEPAs hemsida. En Kalifornienlag som beskriver en process för offentliga myndigheter att fatta välgrundade beslut om diskretionära projektgodkännanden. Processen hjälper beslutsfattare att avgöra om några miljöpåverkan är förknippade med ett föreslaget projekt. Det förutsätter att miljöpåverkan i samband med ett föreslagna projekt elimineras eller reduceras och att åtgärder för att minska luftkvaliteten genomförs. California Hydrogen Highway Network (CaH 2 Net) Ett initiativ för att lägga till väteinventeringsinfrastruktur i Kalifornien för att möta kraven på vätefordon som används i staten. P För mer information, besök webbplatsen för California Hydrogen Highway Network. Kalifornien Fas 2 Reformulated Bensin (CaRFG Fas 2 eller CaRFG2) Bensin säljs, avsedd för försäljning, eller tillgänglig för försäljning som motorfordonsbränsle i Kalifornien, som omfattas av California Phase 2-reformulerade bensinstandarder. Läs mer på bränslets webbplats. Kalifornien Fas 3 Reformulated Bensin (CaRFG Phase 3 eller CaRFG3) Bensin såld, avsedd för försäljning, eller tillgänglig för försäljning som motorfordonsbränsle i Kalifornien, som omfattas av California Phase 3-reformulerade bensinstandarder. Läs mer på bränslets webbplats. California Solar Initiative (CSI) Ett offentligt program för offentlig sektor i Kalifornien Kommission för investerare ägde rum den 1 januari 2007, för att ge incitament för installation av solfördelade generationsprojekt. En grupp av sjukdomar som kännetecknas av okontrollerad invasiv tillväxt av kroppsceller som leder till bildandet av maligna tumörer som tenderar att växa snabbt och sprida sig (dvs metastasera). En verkställbar gräns för de totala utsläppen för de anläggningar som omfattas av cap-and-trade-programmet. Kepsen ställs in för varje programperiod av staten och utsläppen minskar när kåpan minskar med tiden. Cap-and-trade är ett reglerande tillvägagångssätt som används för att bekämpa förorening genom att sätta en fast keps på tillåtna utsläpp samtidigt som man använder marknadsmekanismer för att uppnå utsläppsminskningar medan körkostnaderna sänks. I ett cap-and-trade-program sätts en gräns eller kapp på hur mycket växthusgaser som kan sändas ut. CARB bensin, Kalifornien Reformulated Bensin (CaRFG) Bensin såld, avsedd för försäljning, eller tillgänglig för försäljning som motorfordonsbränsle i Kalifornien, med förbehåll för Kaliforniens reformerade bensinstandarder. Läs mer på bränslets webbplats. CARBOB (California-reformulerad bensinblandning för syreblandning) En petroleum-härledd vätska som är avsedd att vara en produkt som kommer att bli Kalifornienreformerad bensin vid tillsats av ett syreat, såsom etanol. Läs mer på bränslets webbplats. Carbon Capture och Sequestration (CCS) Processen för att fånga CO2 från en stationär källa, följt av att komprimera, transportera och injicera det i en lämplig geologisk formation där den kommer att sekvestreras. Koldioxid (CO 2) En färglös, luktfri gas som uppträder naturligt i jordens atmosfär. Väsentliga kvantiteter avges också i luften genom förbränning av fossila bränslen. (Se även ClimateChange. ca. gov glans.) Koldioxidekvivalent (CO 2 E) Mängd koldioxid som skulle ge samma uppvärmningseffekt som en given växthusgaser, baserat på bästa tillgängliga vetenskapen, inklusive från den mellanstatliga panelen för klimatförändringar. En färglös luktfri gas som härrör från ofullständig förbränning av kolvätebränslen. CO påverkar blodets förmåga att transportera syre till kroppens vävnader och resulterar i många negativa hälsoeffekter. Över 80 procent av koldioxidutsläppen i stadsområden bidrar med motorfordon. CO är ett luftförorenande kriterium. Processen att avlägsna koldioxid (CO 2) från atmosfären genom att lagra den i en kolbehållare annan än atmosfären. Sequestration förbättrar koldioxidförvaring i träd och mark, bevarar befintligt träd och jordkol och minskar CO 2 - utsläppen. metan (CH4) och kväveoxid (N2O). Cancerframkallande En cancerframkallande substans. (Se även cancer.) Carl Moyer Fund Ett bidragsprogram med flera miljoner dollar för att uppmuntra minskning av utsläpp från tunga motorer. Stödet täcker extrakostnaden för renare teknik för fordon på väg, terräng, marin, lokomotiv och jordbrukspumpar samt gaffeltruckar och flygplatstödsutrustning. Besök vår webbplats för Carl Moyer-programmet. CAS-registreringsnummer Chemical Abstracts Service Register Number (CAS) är en numerisk beteckning som tilldelats av Chemical Chemistry Chemical Chemical Service och identifierar en specifik förening unikt. Denna post gör det möjligt för en att definitivt identifiera ett material oavsett vilket namn eller namnesystem som används. Ett ämne som kan öka eller minska frekvensen av en kemisk reaktion mellan andra kemiska ämnen utan att konsumeras i processen. Katalytisk omvandlare En föroreningskontrollanordning för motorfordon avsedd för att minska utsläppen som kväveoxider. kolväten och kolmonoxid. Katalysatorer har krävt utrustning på alla nya motorfordon som sålts i Kalifornien sedan 1979. Kontinuerlig emissionsmonitor (CEM) CEM innebär att stationära källor överensstämmer med sina utsläppsgränser kontinuerligt genom att installera ett system för att fungera kontinuerligt inuti rökstationen eller annan utsläppskälla. CEM används också för processkontroll och övervakning av styrutrustningens funktioner. Certifierad, Certifiering Den formella processen där tillverkaren av ett fordon, en produkt eller en process visar att alla gällande föreskrifter är uppfyllda och får tillstånd att marknadsföra, sälja eller leverera produkten i Kalifornien. Certifiering i Kalifornien indikeras vanligen genom utfärdande av ett verkställande order (EO). Klorfluorkolväten (CFC) En av ett antal ämnen som består av klor, fluor och kol. CFC används för kylning, skumförpackning, lösningsmedel och drivmedel. Kronisk exponering Långvarig exponering, som vanligtvis varar ett år till en livstid. Chronic Health Effect A health effect that occurs over a relatively long period of time (e. g. months or years). (See also acute health effect .) Clean Vehicle Rebate Project (CVRP) CVRP is intended to encourage and accelerate zero-emission vehicle deployment and technology innovation by providing grants to eligible vehicles. For more details see the ARB website. Gasoline fuel that results in reduced emissions of carbon monoxide. nitrogen oxides. reactive organic gases and particulate matter, in addition to toxic substances such as benzene and 1,3-butadiene. Visit our cleaner-burning gasoline website or an overview of ARBs fuels program . Climate Action Team (CAT) The Secretary of CalEPA leads the Climate Action Team made up of representatives from state agencies, boards and departments. The CAT members work to coordinate statewide efforts to implement global warming emission reduction programs and the states Climate Adaptation Strategy. The CAT is also responsible for reporting on the progress made toward meeting the statewide greenhouse gas targets that were established by Executive Order S-3-05 and further defined under AB 32 . Climate Change A layer of any substance such as paint, lacquer, or varnish applied over a surface for protection. For more information, visit our coatings website . Coefficient of Haze (COH) A measurement of the quantity of dust and smoke in the atmosphere in a theoretical 1,000 linear feet of air. A COH of less than three is considered clean air and more than five is of some concern. COH readings of 20 or more can occur in urban areas. Cold Ironing or Shore power refers to providing electrical power to a vessel that is docked. The purpose of shore power is to allow the vessel operator to turn off the vessels auxiliary engines, which would normally be providing the necessary electricity. Although there are emissions associated with the generation of electricity used for shore power, those emissions are much less than those from the auxiliary engines, which burn diesel fuel. An approach to generating power and thermal energy from a single fuel source. CHP application involves the recovery of otherwise wasted thermal energy to produce additional power or useful thermal energy. The act or instance of burning some type of fuel, such as gasoline, to produce energy. Combustion is typically the process that powers automobile engines and power plant generators. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Conformity A demonstration of whether a federally-supported activity is consistent with the State Implementation Plan (SIP) -- per Section 176 (c) of the Clean Air Act. Transportation conformity refers to plans, programs and projects approved or funded by the Federal Highway Administration or the Federal Transit Administration. General conformity refers to projects approved or funded by other federal agencies. Congestion Management Program A state-mandated program (California Government Code Section 65089a) that requires each county to prepare a plan to relieve congestion and reduce air pollution. Consumer Products Products such as hairspray, detergents, cleaning compounds, polishes, lawn and garden products, personal care products and automotive specialty products that are part of our everyday lives and, through consumer use, may produce volatile organic air emissions which contribute to air pollution. Visit our consumer products website. An air analyzer that measures air quality components continuously. (See also Integrated Sampling Device .) Control Techniques Guidelines (CTG) Guidance documents issued by U. S. EPA that define reasonably available control technology (RACT) to be applied to existing facilities that emit excessive quantities of air pollutants they contain information both on the economic and technological feasibility of available techniques. COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) COPD is a lung disease characterized by chronic obstruction of airflow that interferes with normal breathing and is generally progressive, but may be partially reversible. The more familiar terms chronic bronchitis and emphysema are included within the COPD diagnosis. COPD is strongly associated with tobacco smoking but can occur in non-smokers as well and is a serious, life-threatening lung disease. Cost-Effectiveness The cost of an emission control measure assessed in terms of dollars-per-pound, or dollars-per-ton, of air emissions reduced. An air pollutant for which acceptable levels of exposure can be determined and for which an ambient air quality standard has been set. Examples include: ozone. carbon monoxide. nitrogen dioxide. sulfur dioxide. PM10 and PM2.5. The term criteria air pollutants derives from the requirement that the U. S. EPA must describe the characteristics and potential health and welfare effects of these pollutants. The U. S. EPA and ARB periodically review new scientific data and may propose revisions to the standards as a result. View our health and air pollution website. An air pollution control device that removes larger particles -- generally greater than one micron -- from an air stream through centrifugal force. A measurement of visibility. One deciview represents the minimal perceptible change in visibility to the human eye. Equipment that removes grease, dirt, or unwanted materials from any part or product. Degreasers typically use aqueous or nonaqueous solvents, as liquid baths or condensing vapors, to remove such material. Deposit Control Additives Substances added to motor vehicle fuel to reduce and prevent deposits in the fuel delivery system and engine intake valves. Design Value The pollutant concentration used by air quality managers as the basis for determining attainment of an air quality standard. generally by using an air quality model. The design value may or may not be the same as the designation value. The pollutant concentration used by air quality managers for designating attainment status of an air district with respect to the state and federal ambient air quality standards. Generally, the designation value is the highest concentration that remains after excluding certain qualifying values. For a specific pollutant, the designation value for the state and federal standards may not be the same. Diesel Engine A type of internal combustion engine that uses low-volatility petroleum fuel and fuel injectors and initiates combustion using compression ignition (as opposed to spark ignition that is used with gasoline engines). Discrete Early Action Items AB 32 directed ARB to identify and adopt climate change regulations for discrete early actions that could be enforceable on or before January 1, 2010. ARB identified nine discrete early action measures including regulations affecting landfills, motor vehicle fuels, refrigerants in cars, tire pressure, port operations and other sources in 2007 that included ship electrification at ports and reduction of high GWP gases in consumer products. Dispersion Model The amount of a pollutant that is absorbed. A level of exposure which is a function of a pollutants concentration, the length of time a subject is exposed and the amount of the pollutant that is absorbed. The concentration of the pollutant and the length of time that the subject is exposed to that pollutant determine dose. Dose-Response The relationship between the dose of a pollutant and the response (or effect) it produces on a biological system. Solid particulate matter that can become airborne. A nominal blend of 85 volume percent denatured ethanol and 15 volume percent unleaded gasoline that is used in flexible fuel vehicles. EAAC (Economic and Allocation Advisory Committee) The CalEPA Secretary and ARB Chairman created an Economic and Allocation Advisory Committee to advise ARB on the design of a greenhouse gas cap-and-trade program. EAAC evaluated and provided recommendations on the implications of different allowance allocation strategies such as free allocation, auction, or a combination of both. EAAC also provided advice to ARB on its revised AB 32 economic analysis. EJAC (Environmental Justice Advisory Committee) AB 32 directed ARB to convene an Environmental Justice Advisory Committee to advise ARB on the implementation of AB 32. EJAC is comprised of representatives from communities in the state with the most significant exposure to air pollution, including, but not limited to, communities with minority populations or low-income populations. Electric Vehicle A motor vehicle that uses an electric motor as the basis of its operation. Such vehicles emit virtually no air pollutants. (See also hybrid electric vehicle .) For more information, please see our zero emission vehicles website. An air pollution control device that removes particulate matter from an air stream by imparting an electrical charge to the particles for mechanical collection at an electrode. For more information, visit our associated training class on this subject. Emission Factor For stationary sources. the relationship between the amount of pollution produced and the amount of raw material processed or burned. For mobile sources. the relationship between the amount of pollution produced and the number of vehicle miles traveled. By using the emission factor of a pollutant and specific data regarding quantities of materials used by a given source, it is possible to compute emissions for the source. This approach is used in preparing an emissions inventory. Visit U. S. EPA emission factors. or ARBs emission factors and toxic air contaminants. Emission Inventory An estimate of the amount of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere from major mobile, stationary, area-wide and natural source categories over a specific period of time such as a day or a year. For more information, visit our emissions inventory website. Emission Offsets (also known as Emissions Trading) A rule-making concept whereby approval of a new or modified stationary source of air pollution is conditional on the reduction of emissions from other existing stationary sources of air pollution. These reductions are required in addition to reductions required by best available control technology. For information see our New Source Review Emission Reduction Credit Offsets website. Emission Permit A non-transferable or tradable allocation of entitlements by a government to an individual firm to emit a specified amount of a substance. Emission Rate The weight of a pollutant emitted per unit of time (e. g. tonsyear). Released or discharged air contaminants in the ambient air from any source. The maximum amount of a pollutant that is allowed to be discharged from a polluting source such as an automobile or smoke stack. Energy Content The amount of energy available for doing work. For example, the amount of energy in fuel available for powering a motor vehicle. Enhanced AT PZEV Emissions certification standard for motor vehicles vehicle meets the requirements of an AT PZEV and has some all electric range, such as a plug-in hybrid, or has an internal combustion engine (ICE) that runs on hydrogen. Environmental Justice (EJ) The fair treatment of people of all races and incomes with respect to development, implementation and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations and policies. A label that provides a Global Warming Score and Smog Score, both on a scale from 1 to 10 (10 being cleanest). The Environmental Performance Label is required on all new cars sold in California that are manufactured after January 1, 2009. Primarily a combination of sidestream smoke from the burning end of a cigarette, pipe or cigar and exhaled mainstream smoke from the smoker. Other components include smoke emitted at the mouthpiece during puff drawing. For more information, visit our environmental tobacco smoke website. Epidemiology The study of the occurrence and distribution of disease within a population. ETAAC (Economic and Technology Advancement Advisory Committee) The committee was formed as directed by AB 32 to advise ARB on activities that will facilitate investment in and implementation of technological research and development opportunities including, but not limited to, identifying new technologies, research, demonstration projects, funding opportunities, developing state, national and international partnerships and technology transfer opportunities and, identifying and assessing research and advanced technology investment and incentive opportunities that will assist in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The committee may also advise the ARB on state, regional, national and international economic and technological developments related to greenhouse gas emission reductions. Ethanol (ETOH) Ethyl-alcohol, a volatile alcohol containing two carbon groups (CH 3 CH 2 OH). For fuel use, ethanol is produced by fermentation of corn or other plant products. The chemical ethylene oxide (1,2-epoxyethane) which has been identified by the ARB and listed as a toxic air contaminant in title 17, California Code of Regulations, section 93000. Evaporative Emissions Emissions from evaporating gasoline, which can occur during vehicle refueling, vehicle operation and even when the vehicle is parked. Evaporative emissions can account for two-thirds of the hydrocarbon emissions from gasoline-fueled vehicles on hot summer days. Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) An emission control method that involves recirculating exhaust gases from an engine back into the intake and combustion chambers. This lowers combustion temperatures and reduces NOx. (See also nitrogen oxides .) The legal document that indicates that a product subject to ARB regulations has in fact meet those requirements and can be offered for sale in California. The Executive Order, or EO, also lists important compliance information such as the legal description of the product and manufacturer, the actual standards met, when the executive order was granted and any conditions of the certification. Exceedance A measured level of an air pollutant higher than the national or state ambient air quality standards. (See also NAAQS and CAAQS .) Expected Peak Day Concentration (EPDC) A calculated value that represents the concentration expected to occur at a particular site once per year, on average. The calculation procedure uses measured data collected at the site during a three-year period. Measured concentrations that are higher than the EPDC are excluded from the state area designation process. The concentration of the pollutant in the air multiplied by the population exposed to that concentration over a specified time period. Exposure Assessment Measurement or estimation of the magnitude, frequency, duration and route of exposure to a substance for the populations of interest. FED (Functional Equivalent Environmental Document) The California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) allows public agencies to prepare a plan or other written documentation in lieu of an environmental impact report (i. e. a functional equivalent environmental document) which outlines the environmental analyses as part of any regulatory process. Prior to taking final action on any proposal for which significant environmental issues have been raised, the decision maker will provide a written response to each such issue. A federal law passed in 1970 and amended in 1974, 1977 and 1990 that forms the basis for the national air pollution control effort. Basic elements of the act include national ambient air quality standards for major air pollutants, mobile and stationary control measures, air toxics standards, acid rain control measures and enforcement provisions. For more information, visit the Federal Clean Air Act. Federal Implementation Plan (FIP) In the absence of an approved State Implementation Plan (SIP). a plan prepared by the U. S. EPA that provides measures that nonattainment areas must take to meet the requirements of the Federal Clean Air Act. A market-based emission fee in which the fee is levied on projected lifecycle vehicle emissions and is refunded according to an allocation formula. Flexible Fuel Vehicle (FFV) Vehicles that can use a combination of fuels such as alcohol fuel and unleaded gasoline. Air borne solid particles that result from the burning of coal and other solid fuel. Foreign Military Officer Any active duty military personnel of a foreign country assigned to a California military installation as part of an exchange or joint training agreement authorized or sponsored by the U. S. Department of Defense. Foreign Military Officers are not subject to California direct import vehicle requirements for registration and have the same privileges as out-of-state military personnel. Fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas so-called because they are the remains of ancient plant and animal life. An electrochemical cell that captures the electrical energy of a chemical reaction between fuels such as liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen and converts it directly and continuously into the energy of a direct electrical current. For more information, see the ARBs fuel cell portal. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) A zero-emission vehicle that runs on compressed hydrogen fed into a fuel cell stack that produces electricity to power the vehicle. Dust particles that are introduced into the air through certain activities such as soil cultivation, or vehicles operating on open fields or dirt roadways. This is a subset of fugitive emissions. Emissions not caught by a capture system which are often due to equipment leaks, evaporative processes and windblown disturbances. Solid particles under 1 micron in diameter formed as vapors condense, or as chemical reactions take place. A combustion chamber an enclosed structure in which fuel is burned to heat air or material. Gas Turbine An engine that uses a compressor to draw in air and compress it. Fuel is then added to the air and combusted in a combustor. Hot combustion gases exiting the engine turn a turbine which also turns the compressor. The engines power output can be delivered from the compressor or turbine side of the engine. The evaporative properties of gasoline. Gasoline vapor is a volatile organic compound. (See also Reid Vapor Pressure .) An increase in the temperature of the Earths troposphere. Global warming has occurred in the past as a result of natural influences, but the term is most often used to refer to the warming predicted by computer models to occur as a result of increased emissions of greenhouse gases. For more information, go to ARBs climate change website or check out its own glossary. The relative warming of a greenhouse gas over a specified period of time as compared to carbon dioxide (GWP of 1). GWP allows for the conversion of different greenhouse gas emissions into the same emissions unit, carbon dioxide equivalents (CO 2 E). Global Warming Score A score that ranks each vehicles CO 2 - equivalent value on a scale of 1-10 (10 being the cleanest) relative to all other vehicles. All vehicles manufactured after January 1, 2009, must display this score on the Environmental Performance Label. Goods Movement The processes and activities involved in the pickup, movement and delivery of goods (agricultural, consumer, industrial products and raw materials) from producerspoints of origin to consumerspoint of use or delivery. Goods movement relies on a series of transportation, financial and information systems for this to occur, that involves an international, national, state, regional and local networks of producers and suppliers, carriers and representative agents from the private sector, the public sector (federal, state, regional and local governmental agencies) and the general public. Greenhouse Effect The warming effect of the Earths atmosphere. Light energy from the sun which passes through the Earths atmosphere is absorbed by the Earths surface and re-radiated into the atmosphere as heat energy. The heat energy is then trapped by the atmosphere, creating a situation similar to that which occurs in a car with its windows rolled up. A number of scientists believe that the emission of CO 2 and other gases into the atmosphere may increase the greenhouse effect and contribute to global warming. (Climate Change: see ClimateChange. ca. gov gloss .) Greenhouse Gases (GHG) Atmospheric gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbons, nitrous oxide, ozone and water vapor that slow the passage of re-radiated heat through the Earths atmosphere. (See also ClimateChange. ca. gov gloss .) Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation model used to determine emissions from various vehicle and fuel combinations. Growth Management Plan A plan for a given geographical region containing demographic projections (i. e. housing units, employment and population) through some specified point in time and which provides recommendations for local governments to better manage growth and reduce projected environmental impacts. An air pollutant listed under section 112 (b) of the Federal Clean Air Act as particularly hazardous to health. Emission sources of hazardous air pollutants are identified by U. S. EPA and emission standards are set accordingly. For more information, visit our Title III website area. Haze (Hazy) A phenomenon that results in reduced visibility due to the scattering of light caused by aerosols. Haze is caused in large part by man-made air pollutants. Heavy-Duty Vehicle Inspection Program (HDVIP) This regulation authorizes random roadside smoke opacity testing of heavy-duty diesel trucks and buses. The opacity of exhaust emitted from these engines must not exceed 40 percent (1991 and newer engine model years) or 55 percent (all pre-1991 engines). Gasoline and diesel trucks and buses are also inspected for tampering and for engine certification label compliance. Health-Based Standard (Primary Standard) A dosage of air pollution scientifically determined to protect against human health effects such as asthma, emphysema and cancer. Health Risk Assessment (HRA) A document that identifies the risks and quantities of possible adverse health effects that may result from exposure to emissions of toxic air contaminants. A health risk assessment cannot predict specific health effects it only describes the increased possibility of adverse health effects based on the best scientific information available. Hot Spot A vehicle that combines an internal combustion engine with a battery and electric motor. This combination offers the range and refueling capabilities of a conventional vehicle, while providing improved fuel economy and lower emissions. Compounds containing various combinations of hydrogen and carbon atoms. They may be emitted into the air by natural sources (e. g. trees) and as a result of fossil and vegetative fuel combustion, fuel volatilization and solvent use. Hydrocarbons are a major contributor to smog. (See also Reactive Organic Gases ). Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2 S) A colorless, flammable, poisonous compound having a characteristic rotten-egg odor. It is used in industrial processes and may be emitted into the air. ICAT (Innovative Clean Air Technologies program) ICAT is an ARB program that co-funds the demonstration of innovative technologies that can reduce air pollution. Its purpose is to advance such technologies toward commercial application, thereby reducing emissions and helping the economy of California. Incremental Reactivity (IR) The additional ozone formed in the atmosphere with the incremental addition of a certain amount of a volatile organic compound. Incineration The act of burning a material to ashes. Any facility, building, structure, or installation, or combination thereof, which generates or attracts mobile source activity that results in emissions of any pollutant (or precursor) for which there is a state ambient air quality standard. Examples of indirect sources include employment sites, shopping centers, sports facilities, housing developments, airports, commercial and industrial development and parking lots and garages. Indirect Source Control Program Rules, regulations, local ordinances and land use controls and other regulatory strategies of air pollution control districts or local governments used to control or reduce emissions associated with new and existing indirect sources. Indirect source control programs include regulatory strategies such as transportation control measures (e. g. South Coasts Regulation XV for employer-based trip reduction) parking charges land use controls that reduce the need for vehicle travel and increase transit, bicycle and pedestrian access and, source-specific regulations such as truck idling and travel schedule requirements. Indirect Source Review A major component of an indirect source control program which applies to new and modified indirect sources. Strategies for indirect source review include permit programs, review and comment on new and modified indirect source projects through the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) process and coordination of air quality, transportation and land use policies through local government general plans. Indirect source review reduces emissions from new and modified sources through best available mitigation measures and additional offsite mitigation such as offsets and mitigation fees. Individual Cancer Risk The probability, expressed as chances in a million, that a person experiencing 70 years of continuous area-wide outdoor exposure to a toxic air contaminant will develop cancer. Indoor Air Pollution Air pollutants that occur within buildings or other enclosed spaces, as opposed to those occurring in outdoor, or ambient air. Some examples of indoor air pollutants are nitrogen oxides, smoke, asbestos, formaldehyde and carbon monoxide. For more information, visit our indoor air quality website. Industrial Source Any of a large number of sources -- such as manufacturing operations, oil and gas refineries, food processing plants and energy generating facilities -- that emit substances into the atmosphere. A gas that does not react with the substances coming in contact with it. A motor vehicle inspection program implemented by the California Bureau of Automotive Repair. The purpose of the IM is to reduce emissions by assuring that cars are running properly. It is designed to identify vehicles in need of maintenance and to assure the effectiveness of their emission control systems on a biennial basis. Enacted in 1979 and strengthened in 1990. (Also known as the Smog Check program.) An air sampling device that allows estimation of air quality components over a period of time through laboratory analysis of the samplers medium. (See also Continuous Sampling Device .) Internal Combustion Engine An engine in which both the heat energy and the ensuing mechanical energy are produced inside the engine. Includes gas turbines, spark ignition gas and compression ignition diesel engines. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) An expert international agency of the World Health Organization which publishes evaluations of evidence on the carcinogenicity of a wide range of chemicals. For more information, visit our IARC website. A layer of warm air in the atmosphere that prevents the rise of cooling air and traps pollutants beneath it. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) A scientific intergovernmental body set up by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to provide the decision-makers and others interested in climate change with an objective source of information about climate change. Investor Owned Utilities (IOUs) Private companies that provide a utility, such as water, natural gas or electricity, to a specific service area. A gray-white metal that is soft, malleable, ductile and resistant to corrosion. Sources of lead resulting in concentrations in the air include industrial sources and crustal weathering of soils followed by fugitive dust emissions. Health effects from exposure to lead include brain and kidney damage and learning disabilities. Lead is the only substance which is currently listed as both a criteria air pollutant and a toxic air contaminant. A reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases within the state that is offset by an increase in emissions of greenhouse gases outside the state. Light-Duty Vehicle (LDV) Any motor vehicle with a gross vehicle weight of 6,000 pounds or less. Limit of Detection (LOD) The lowest concentration of a substance that can be reliably measured. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Low Carbon Fuels Standard (LCFS) LCFS is a discreet early action measure of the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006. This regulation reduces the carbon intensity (greenhouse gas emissions per unit of energy in the fuel) of transportation fuels by 10 percent by 2020. Low Emission Vehicle (LEV) A vehicle that meets the ARBs low emission vehicle standards. For more information, please go to our low emission vehicle website. Low Emission Vehicle II (LEV II) California exhaust emission standards for 2004 and subsequent model passenger cars, light-duty trucks and medium-duty vehicles. Find more information at Drive Clean. Lowest Achievable Emission Rate (LAER) Under the Clean Air Act. the rate of emissions that reflects, the most stringent emission limitation in the State Implementation Plan of any state for a given source unless the owner or operator demonstrates such limitations are not achievable or, the most stringent emissions limitation achieved in practice, whichever is more stringent. Low NOx Burners One of several combustion technologies used to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides. A measure of the ability of an oil or other compound to lubricate (reduce friction) between two surfaces in contact. A stationary facility that emits a regulated pollutant in an amount exceeding the threshold level depending on the location of the facility and attainment with regard to air quality status. (See Source .) Market-Based Approaches A system of market-based declining annual aggregate emissions limitations for sources, or categories of sources, that emit greenhouse gases. Market-based can also refer to greenhouse gas emissions exchanges, banking, credits and other transactions, governed by rules and protocols established by the ARB, that result in the same greenhouse gas emission reduction, over the same time period, as direct compliance with a greenhouse gas emission limit or emission reduction measure adopted by the ARB. Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) Federal emissions limitations based on the best demonstrated control technology or practices in similar sources to be applied to major sources emitting one or more federal hazardous air pollutants. For more information, visit our Title III website. Maximum Incremental Reactivity (MIR) A measure of the increase in ozone formation per unit weight of a hydrocarbon when added to the atmosphere. The middle value in a population distribution, above and below which lie an equal number of individual values midpoint. Melting Point The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid. At this temperature, the solid and the liquid have the same vapor pressure. The layer of the Earths atmosphere above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere. It is between 35 and 60 miles from the Earth. Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) An ether compound added to gasoline to provide oxygen and enhance complete combustion. MTBE has been phased out of Californias gasoline. See our fuels website, for more information. Military Personnel Active duty members of the U. S. armed forces or reserves assigned to California facilities and active duty. Capable of being mixed with other substances. Million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents. Sources of air pollution such as automobiles, motorcycles, trucks, off-road vehicles, boats and airplanes. (See also stationary sources. ) For more information, please go to our mobile sources portal page. Monitoring The periodic or continuous sampling and analysis of air pollutants in ambient air or from individual pollution sources. Motor Vehicle Fee Program Rate of disease incidence. Multimedia Exposure Exposure to a toxic substance from multiple pathways such as air, water, soil, food and breast milk. The ability of a chemical or physical agent to produce heritable changes in the DNA of living cells. Standards established by the U. S. EPA that apply for outdoor air throughout the country. There are two types of NAAQS. Primary standards set limits to protect public health and secondary standards set limits to protect public welfare. For more information, visit our AAQS website. The National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs) are set by the U. S. EPA for an air pollutant not covered by National Ambient Air Quality Standards that may cause an increase in fatalities or in serious, irreversible, or incapacitating illness. Non-manmade emission sources, including biological and geological sources, wildfires and windblown dust. New Solar Home Partnership (NSHP) Part of the comprehensive statewide solar program. The NSHP program provides financial incentives and other support to home builders, encouraging the construction of new, energy efficient solar homes that save homeowners money on their electric bills and protect the environment. New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) Uniform national U. S. EPA air emission standards that limit the amount of pollution allowed from new sources or from modified existing sources. For more information, see our Title V website. A Clean Air Act requirement that State Implementation Plans must include a permit review, which applies to the construction and operation of new and modified stationary sources in nonattainment areas. to ensure attainment of National Ambient Air Quality Standards. The two major requirements of NSR are Best Available Control Technology and Emission Offsets. For more information, see our New Source Review website. New Vehicle Any vehicle transferred with less than 7,500 miles, or any vehicle that has not yet been issued a title (regardless of mileage). NIST Cert of Standards The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) provides standard reference materials used to confirm the accuracy and traceability of standards for calibrating instrumentation used to measure atmospheric concentrations of air pollutants. Nitric Oxide (NO) A Precursor of ozone. NO 2 and nitrate nitric oxide is usually emitted from combustion processes. Nitric oxide is converted to nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) in the atmosphere and then becomes involved in the photochemical processes andor particulate formation. (See Nitrogen Oxides .) A general term pertaining to compounds of nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and other oxides of nitrogen. Nitrogen oxides are typically created during combustion processes and are major contributors to smog formation and acid deposition. NO2 is a criteria air pollutant and may result in numerous adverse health effects. Naturally occurring asbestos (NOA) is the six asbestos minerals that have been identified as toxic air contaminants and occur naturally in rocks and soils. During many earth-disturbing activities, asbestos minerals may be released from rocks and soils, become airborne and inhaled deep into the lung. A geographic area identified by the U. S. EPA andor ARB as not meeting either NAAQS or CAAQS standards for a given pollutant. For more information, visit our designated areas website. Nonattainment Transitional A subcategory of the nonattainment designation category for state standards that signals progress and implies the area is nearing attainment. Districts with nonattainment-transitional status may revise their attainment plans to delay adoption of control measures anticipating attainment without the measures. Non-carcinogenic Effects Non-cancer health effects which may include birth defects, organ damage, morbidity and death. Non-Industrial Source Any of a large number of sources -- such as mobile, area-wide, indirect and natural sources -- which emit substances into the atmosphere. The sum of all hydrocarbon air pollutants except methane. NMHCs are significant precursors to ozone formation. The sum of non-methane hydrocarbons and other organic gases such as aldehydes, ketones and ethers. Non-Point Sources Diffuse pollution sources that are not recognized to have a single point of origin. Non-Road Emissions Pollutants emitted by a variety of non-road sources such as farm and construction equipment, gasoline-powered lawn and garden equipment, power boats and outboard motors. For more information, see our offroad website. No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level (NOAEL) A term used in risk assessment. An exposure level at which there are no statistically or biologically significant increases in the frequency or severity of adverse effects between an exposed population and a comparable non-exposed population. No-Observed-Effect-Level (NOEL) A term used in risk assessment. An exposure level at which there are no statistically or biologically significant difference or severity of any effect between an exposed population and a comparable non-exposed population. Octane Number A numerical measure of the antiknock properties of gasoline used as a motor fuel. The higher the octane number, the greater the antiknock properties. A department within the California Environmental Protection Agency that is responsible for evaluating chemicals for adverse health impacts and establishing safe exposure levels. OEHHA also assists in performing health risk assessments and developing risk assessment procedures for air quality management purposes. Visit the OEHHAs home page. Offsets are tradable credits that represent greenhouse gas emissions reductions that are made in areas or sectors not covered by a cap-and-trade program. Under a greenhouse gas cap-and-trade program. covered entities could buy offset credits in lieu of buying allowances or reducing their greenhouse gas emissions on-site. One offset credit would be equal to one metric ton of greenhouse gas emissions. Offsets must meet rigorous criteria that demonstrate that the emissions reductions are real, permanent, verifiable, enforceable and quantifiable. A class of unsaturated hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH 2 n. Olefins in gasoline are responsible for the formation of deposits in storage tanks, fuel ducts and injectors. Therefore, their volume is limited by the reformulated gasoline regulation. Onboard Diagnostics (OBD) Devices that are incorporated into the computer systems of new motor vehicles to monitor components and systems that affect emissions when malfunctioning. If a problem is detected, the OBD system illuminates a warning lamp on the vehicle instrument panel to alert the driver. This warning lamp typically contains the phrase Check Engine or Service Engine Soon. The system will also store important information about the detected malfunction so that a repair technician can accurately find and fix the problem. For more information, visit our on-board diagnostics website. Onboard Vapor Recovery Devices placed on vehicles to capture gasoline vapor during refueling and then route the vapors to the engine when the vehicle is started so that they can be efficiently burned. On-Road, On-Road Vehicle Vehicles that are intended by their manufacturer for use on public highways. On-road vehicles must be certified by their manufacturer with the U. S. Department of Transportation (DOT), National Highway Traffic Administration (NHTSA), as compliant with on-highway safety standards as well as certified to all applicable ARB and U. S. EPA on-road emission standards. Compliance with these standards is indicated by separate safety and emissions labels on the vehicle. The amount of light obscured by particle pollution in the atmosphere. Opacity is used as an indicator of changes in performance of particulate control systems. Organic Compounds A large group of chemical compounds containing mainly carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. All living organisms are made up of organic compounds. Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) The OCS is all submerged lands lying seaward of state coastal waters (3 miles offshore) which are under U. S. jurisdiction. A substance that brings about oxidation in other substances. Oxidizing agents (oxidants) contain atoms that have suffered electron loss. In oxidizing other substances, these atoms gain electrons. Ozone. which is a primary component of smog. is an example of an oxidant. The chemical reaction of a substance with oxygen or a reaction in which the atoms in an element lose electrons and its valence is correspondingly increased. An organic molecule that contains oxygen. Oxygenates are typically ethers and alcohols. The most common oxygenate is ethanol in gasoline, which now runs about 10 percent by volume. The purpose of the oxygenate is to help the gasoline burn more completely, reducing carbon monoxide emissions. This is especially important during the winter months. A strong smelling, pale blue, reactive toxic chemical gas consisting of three oxygen atoms. It is a product of the photochemical process involving the suns energy and ozone precursors. such as hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen. Ozone exists in the upper atmosphere ozone layer (stratospheric ozone) as well as at the Earths surface in the troposphere (ozone). Ozone in the troposphere causes numerous adverse health effects and is a criteria air pollutant. It is a major component of smog. Ozone Depletion The reduction in the stratospheric ozone layer. Stratospheric ozone shields the Earth from ultraviolet radiation. The breakdown of certain chlorine andor bromine-containing compounds that catalytically destroy ozone molecules in the stratosphere can cause a reduction in the ozone layer. For more information, go to U. S. EPAs website on this subject. Ozone-Forming Potential Ozone Generator Some indoor air purifiers or air cleaners emit ozone, a major component of outdoor smog, either intentionally or as a by-product of their design. Those that intentionally emit ozone are often called ozone generators. A layer of ozone in the lower portion of the stratosphere -- 12 to 15 miles above the Earths surface -- which helps to filter out harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun. It may be contrasted with the ozone component of photochemical smog near the Earths surface, which is harmful. Chemicals such as non-methane hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen. occurring either naturally or as a result of human activities, which contribute to the formation of ozone. a major component of smog. Partial Zero Emission Vehicle (PZEV) Vehicles that meet the ARB super ultra low emissions standard, have zero evaporative emissions and have a 15 year150,000 mile warranty. See our Drive Clean website. Any material, except pure water, that exists in the solid or liquid state in the atmosphere. The size of particulate matter can vary from coarse, wind-blown dust particles to fine particle combustion products. For more information, see ARBs PM brochure. Peak Levels A level of airborne pollutants that is much higher than average. They can occur over a short period of minutes or hours in response to sudden releases, or they can occur due to a longer term build-up over several days. Perchloroethylene (Perc) The substance with the chemical formula C 2 C l4 , also known by the name tetrachloroethylene which has been identified by the ARB and listed as a toxic air contaminant (title 17, California Code of Regulations, section 93000). Periodic Smoke Inspection Program (PSIP) Regulation requiring fleet owners of two or more heavy-duty diesel powered trucks or buses to perform annual smoke opacity inspections on each vehicles engine that is four years old or older. Engines that exceed opacity standards must be repaired to be brought into compliance. Fleet owners must keep records of the annual smoke test for two years and make these records available to ARB upon request. Written authorization from a government agency (e. g. an air quality management district ) that allows for the construction andor operation of an emissions generating facility or its equipment within certain specified limits. For more information, visit our permitting activities portal page. Permit to Operate (PO) An operational permit issued yearly by an air district to sources that meet specified regulations. Peroxyacytal Nitrate (PAN) A group of compounds formed from the photochemical reactions of nitrogen and organic compounds. PANs are components of smog and known to cause eye irritation. Persistence Refers to the length of time a compound stays in the atmosphere. once introduced. A compound may persist for less than a second or indefinitely. Personal Watercraft (PWC) Watercraft that do not have outboard, inboard, or stern drive engines. This encompasses the watercraft typically referred to as Jet Skis, Waverunners, etc. For more information, see our recreational marine website. Photochemical Reaction A term referring to chemical reactions brought about by the light energy of the sun. The reaction of nitrogen oxides with hydrocarbons in the presence of sunlight to form ozone is an example of a photochemical reaction. Photolysis Chemical decomposition induced by light or other energy. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) A vehicle that is similar to traditional hybrids but is also equipped with a larger, more advanced battery that allows the vehicle to be plugged in and recharged in addition to refueling with gasoline. This larger battery allows you to drive on a combination of electric and gasoline fuels. See our Drive Clean website. A visible or measurable discharge of a contaminant from a given point of origin that can be measured according to the Ringelmann scale. (See Ringelmann Chart .) Includes tiny particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to a nominal 2.5 microns. This fraction of particulate matter penetrates most deeply into the lungs. For more information, see our particulate matter website. A criteria air pollutant consisting of small particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to a nominal 10 microns (about 17 the diameter of a single human hair). Their small size allows them to make their way to the air sacs deep within the lungs where they may be deposited and result in adverse health effects. PM10 also causes visibility reduction. For more information, see our particulate matter brochure. Point Sources Specific points of origin where pollutants are emitted into the atmosphere such as factory smokestacks. (See also Area-Wide Sources and Fugitive Emissions .) Pollutant Standards Index (PSI) A numerical index formerly used for reporting severity of air pollution levels to the general public. The PSI incorporated the five criteria pollutants -- ozone. PM10. carbon monoxide. sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide -- into one single index. The PSI was based on the 1-hour ozone standard. PSI levels ranged from 0 (Good air quality) to 500 (Hazardous air quality). The higher the index, the higher the level of pollutants and the greater likelihood of health effects. For more information, see our Air Quality Index werbsite. The use of materials, processes, or practices to reduce, minimize, or eliminate the creation of pollutants or wastes. It includes practices that reduce the use of toxic or hazardous materials, energy, water andor other resources. For more information, see our Pollution Prevention Program website. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Organic compounds which include only carbon and hydrogen with a fused ring structure containing at least two benzene (six-sided) rings. PAHs may also contain additional fused rings that are not six-sided. The combustion of organic substances is a common source of atmospheric PAHs. Natural or synthetic chemical compounds composed of up to millions of repeated linked units, each of a relatively light and simple molecule. Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV) An emission control system for a reciprocating internal combustion engine that involves recirculating gases that blow by the piston rings during combustion from the crankcase back into the intake manifold so they can be more completely burned. Publically Owned Treatment Works (POTW) are facilities designed to collect, transmit and treat wastewater that may be generated by industrial, commercial andor domestic sources. Treatment works include the wastewater treatment units themselves, as well as intercepting sewers, outfall sewers, sewage collection systems, pumping, power and other equipment. Precipitator Pollution control device that collects particles from an air stream. (See Electrostatic Precipitator .) Prescribed Burning The planned application of fire to vegetation to achieve any specific objective on lands selected in advance of that application. In California, prescribed burning is governed under the Agricultural Burning Guidelines. A permitting program for new and modified stationary sources of air pollution located in an area that attains or is unclassified for national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS ). The PSD program is designed to ensure that air quality does not degrade beyond those air quality standards or beyond specified incremental amounts. The PSD permitting process requires new and modified facilities above a specified size threshold to be carefully reviewed prior to construction for air quality impacts. PSD also requires those facilities to apply BACT to minimize emissions of air pollutants. A public notification process is conducted prior to issuance of final PSD permits. Primary Particles Particles that are directly emitted from combustion and fugitive dust sources. (Compare with Secondary Particle .) Propellant A gas with a high vapor pressure used to force formulations out of aerosol spray cans. Among the gases used are butanes, propanes and nitrogen. Proposition 65 Safe Drinking and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986, also known as Proposition 65. This act is codified in California Health and Safety Code section 25249.5, et seq. No person in the course of doing business shall knowingly discharge or release a chemical known to the state to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity into water or into land where such chemical passes or probably will pass into any source of drinking water, without first giving clear and reasonable warning to such individual. For more information, visit the OEHHAs Prop 65 website. Public Owned Utilities (POUs) Non-profit utility providers owned by a community and operated by municipalities, counties, states, public power districts, or other public organizations. Within POUs, residents have a say in decisions and policies about rates, services, generating fuels and the environment. Public Workshop A workshop held by a public agency for the purpose of informing the public and obtaining its input on the development of a regulatory action or control measure by that agency. A colorless, naturally occurring, radioactive, inert gaseous element formed by radioactive decay of radium atoms in soil or rocks. A term used in the context of air quality management to describe a hydrocarbons ability to react (participate in photochemical reactions) to form ozone in the atmosphere. Different hydrocarbons react at different rates. The more reactive a hydrocarbon, the greater potential it has to form ozone. Reasonably Available Control Measures (RACM) A broadly defined term referring to technologies and other measures that can be used to control pollution. They include Reasonably Available Control Technology and other measures. In the case of PM10. RACM refers to approaches for controlling small or dispersed source categories such as road dust, woodstoves and open burning. Control techniques defined in U. S. EPA guidelines for limiting emissions from existing sources in nonattainment areas. RACTs are adopted and implemented by states. For more information, visit our RACT website. Reasonably Available Retrofit Control Technology (RARCT) Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engine An engine in which air and fuel are introduced into cylinders, compressed by pistons and ignited by a spark plug or by compression. Combustion in the cylinders pushes the pistons sequentially, transferring energy to the crankshaft, causing it to rotate. Reference Dose (RfD) An estimate delivered by the U. S. EPA (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of the daily exposure to the human population, (including sensitive subpopulations) that is likely to be without deleterious effects during a lifetime. The RfD is reported in units of mg of substancekg body weightday for oral exposures. Reference Exposure Concentration (RfC) An estimate, derived by the U. S. EPA with an uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a daily exposure to the human population, (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime of exposure. The RfC is derived from a no or lowest observed adverse effect level from human or animal exposures, to which uncertainty or safety factors are applied. Reference Exposure Level (REL) A term used in risk assessment. It is the concentration at or below which no adverse health effects are anticipated for a specified exposure period. A facility that produces liquid fuels by distilling petroleum. Reformulated Gasoline (RFG) Also called Cleaner Burning Gasoline (CBG). Gasoline with a different composition from conventional gasoline (e. g. lower aromatics content) that results in the production of lower levels of air pollutants. For more information, see our cleaner burning gasoline website. Reformulated Gasoline Predictive Model A set of mathematical equations that predict the emissions likely to occur from the combustion of a given formulation of gasoline. For more information, see our predictive model website area. Reforestation Establishing native tree cover on lands that were previously forested, but that have had less than 10 percent tree canopy cover for a minimum time of 10 years. Regional Haze The haze produced by a multitude of sources and activities which emit fine particles and their precursors across a broad geographic area. National regulations require states to develop plans to reduce the regional haze that impairs visibility in national parks and wilderness areas. Registration Stop (or VLT Stop) A hold placed on a motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine to prevent registration or title being issued. Registration stops may be placed by DMV, ARB or CHP staff. Stops are placed because of illegal registration attempts, illegal sales, or placed on heavy-duty vehicles that have been retired by their previous owners. Registration stops do not expire however, a vehicle with a stop may be dropped from the DMV computer record after 7-10 years. Refers to the vapor pressure of the fuel expressed in the nearest hundredth of a pound per square inch (psi) with a higher number reflecting more gasoline evaporation. (See also Gasoline Volatility .) Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) A federal program to increase the volume of renewable fuels used in transportation fuels. Created under the Energy Policy Act of 2005, and revised by the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, the RFS program requires increasing annual volumes of renewable fuel, starting from 9 billion gallons in 2008 to 36 billion gallons by 2022. Within those total volumes, the RFS also requires certain volumes of specific fuels, such as cellulosic and advanced biofuels. A series of charts, numbered 0 to 5, that simulate various smoke densities by presenting different percentages of black. A Ringelmann No. 1 is equivalent to 20 percent black a Ringelmann No. 5 is 100 percent black. They are used for measuring the opacity or equivalent obscuration of smoke arising from stacks and other sources by matching the actual effluent with the various numbers, or densities, indicated by the charts. Research Screening Committee (RSC) The Boards legislatively mandated committee consists of scientists, engineers and others knowledgeable, technically qualified and experienced in air pollution problems. The committee meets approximately four times a year to review proposed and completed research projects. Residual Risk The quantity of health risk remaining after application of emission control. Risk Assessment An evaluation of risk which estimates the relationship between exposure to a harmful substance and the likelihood that harm will result from that exposure. Risk Management An evaluation of the need for and feasibility of reducing risk. It includes consideration of magnitude of risk, available control technologies and economic feasibility. Actions taken against a state or local government by the federal government for failure to plan or to implement a State Implementation Plan (SIP). Examples include withholding of highway funds and a ban on construction of new sources of potential pollution. SB 25 (Childrens Environmental Health Protection Act) Changes to state law (Senate Bill 25, Escutia, 1999) established requirements for the ARB and the OEHHA to examine the impacts of air pollution on childrens health. Specifically, the act required the state to evaluate all ambient air quality standards to determine whether these standards adequately protect human health, particularly that of infants and children and, to identify toxic air contaminants that disproportionately impact children. Scientific Review Panel (SRP) Mandated by AB 1807. this nine-member panel advises the ARB. OEHHA and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation on the scientific adequacy of the risk assessment portion of reports issued by those three agencies in the process of identifying substances as toxic air contaminants. For more information, visit our SRP website. Scoping Plan AB 32 directed ARB to prepare a scoping plan for achieving the maximum technologically feasible and cost-effective reductions in greenhouse gas emissions by 2020. The scoping plan provides the outline for actions to reduce greenhouse gases in California. The approved scoping plan indicates how these emission reductions will be achieved from significant greenhouse gas sources via regulations, market mechanisms and other actions. An air pollution control device that uses a high energy liquid spray to remove aerosol and gaseous pollutants from an air stream. The gases are removed either by absorption or chemical reaction. Secondhand Smoke Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). or secondhand smoke, is a complex mixture of thousands of gases and fine particles emitted by the burning of tobacco products from the smoke exhaled by the smoker. Other minor contributors to ETS are from the smoke that is emitted from the smoldering end of the tobacco product and the vapor-phase related compounds that diffuse from the wrapper of the tobacco product. Particles that are formed in the atmosphere. Secondary particles are products of the chemical reactions between gases, such as nitrates, sulfur oxides. ammonia and organic products. Senate Bill 1731 (Calderon, 1993) SB 1731 amended the Air Toxics Hot Spots Information and Assessment Act (AB 2588, Hot Spots or Program 1987, Connelly) by adding two major elements. The first element required the OEHHA to adopt risk assessment guidelines for the program using a full public review process. These new risk assessment guidelines superseded the previous guidelines and include supplemental exposure information. Second, facilities determined to have a significant risk by the district, must conduct an airborne toxic risk reduction audit and develop a plan to implement airborne toxic risk reduction measures. The ARB is required to provide assistance to smaller businesses for developing and applying risk reduction techniques. As part of that assistance, the ARB developed guideline documents on how to conduct an audit, including a self-conducted checklist for certain industries. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) System An emission control system that reduces NOx emissions through the catalytic reduction of NOx in diesel exhaust to N 2 and H 2 O by injecting nitrogen-containing compounds into the exhaust stream, such as ammonia or urea. Sensitive Groups Identifiable subsets of the general population that are at greater risk than the general population to the toxic effects of a specific air pollutant (e. g. infants, asthmatics, elderly). Sequestration SF6 (Sulfur Hexafluoride) SF6 is a colorless, non-toxic and non-flammable gas under standard conditions. It is used in many applications including as a gaseous dielectric medium in the electrical industry, an inert gas for the casting of magnesium, a tracer gas and an etchant in the semiconductor industry. SF6 is the most potent greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 23,900 times that of carbon dioxide when compared over a 100-year period. Shore power, also known as Cold Ironing. refers to providing electrical power to a vessel that is docked. The purpose of shore power is to allow the vessel operator to turn off the vessels auxiliary engines, which would normally be providing the necessary electricity. Although there are emissions associated with the generation of electricity used for shore power, those emissions are much less than those from the auxiliary engines, which burn diesel fuel. A combination of smoke and other particulates, ozone. hydrocarbons. nitrogen oxides and other chemically reactive compounds which, under certain conditions of weather and sunlight, may result in a murky brown haze that causes adverse health effects. The primary source of smog in California is motor vehicles. Smog Check Program Smog Score A score that ranks each vehicles smog emissions on a scale of 1-10 (10 being the cleanest) relative to all other vehicles. All vehicles manufactured after January 1, 2009, must display this score on the Environmental Performance Label. For more information, visit our Drive Clean website. A form of air pollution consisting primarily of particulate matter (i. e. particles released by combustion). Other components of smoke include gaseous air pollutants such as hydrocarbons. oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide. Sources of smoke may include fossil fuel combustion, agricultural burning and other combustion processes. Solvent Base Hydrocarbon - containing compounds such as paint thinner used for the purpose of thinning various types of coatings such as paint. Very fine carbon particles that have a black appearance when emitted into the air. Any place or object from which air pollutants are released. Sources that are fixed in space are stationary sources and sources that move are mobile sources. Speciation Speciation is the analytical activity of identifying andor measuring the quantities of one or more individual chemical species in a sample. Spray Booth A power ventilated structure enclosing a coating operation, to confine and limit the escape of spray, vapor and residue and to safely conduct or direct them to an exhaust system. The spray booth contains and captures particulate emissions and vents them to a control device. Stakeholders Residents, environmentalists, businesses and government representatives that have a stake or concern about how air quality is managed. A plan prepared by states and submitted to U. S. EPA describing how each area will attain and maintain national ambient air quality standards. SIPs include the technical foundation for understanding the air quality (e. g. emission inventories and air quality monitoring), control measures and strategies and enforcement mechanisms. (See also AQMP .) For more information, visit our SIP website. Non-mobile sources such as power plants, refineries and manufacturing facilities which emit air pollutants. Storage Tank Any stationary container, reservoir, or tank, used for storage of liquids. The layer of the Earths atmosphere above the troposphere and below the mesosphere. It extends between 10 and 30 miles above the Earths surface and contains the ozone layer in its lower portion. The stratospheric layer mixes relatively slowly pollutants that enter it may remain for long periods of time. Suggested Control Measure (SCM) A model rule developed by air quality managers for local air districts to use to control the emissions from certain stationary sources of air pollution. Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2 ) A strong smelling, colorless gas that is formed by the combustion of fossil fuels. Power plants, which may use coal or oil high in sulfur content, can be major sources of SO 2 and other sulfur oxides contribute to the problem of acid deposition. SO 2 is a criteria air pollutant. Pungent, colorless gases (sulfates are solids) formed primarily by the combustion of sulfur-containing fossil fuels. especially coal and oil. Considered major air pollutants, sulfur oxides may impact human health and damage vegetation. Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (SULEV) A vehicle that meets the ARBs super ultra-low emission vehicle standard of 0.03 grams per mile of NMOG NOx. See our Drive Clean website. An intermediate gasoline distribution facility where delivery of gasoline to and from the facility is solely by pipeline. Thermal Spraying A process in which metallic or nonmetallic materials are heated to a molten or nearly molten state and are sprayed onto a surface to form a coating. The material may originate in the form of powder, rod, or wire before it is heated, prior to spraying and deposition. Materials can be heated by combustion of fuel gases (similar to welding) or by using electricity. Thermal spraying includes processes such as flame spraying, plasma spraying, high velocity oxyfuel (HVOF) spraying and twin wire electric arc spraying. The outermost layer of the Earths atmosphere extending from about 60 miles to several hundred miles above the planets surface. The temperature of this layer varies from many hundreds to thousands of degrees Celsius. A section of the 1990 amendments to the federal Clean Air Act that addresses the control of toxic air emissions. For more information, visit our Title III website. A section of the 1990 amendments to the federal Clean Air Act that requires a federally enforceable operating permit for major sources of air pollution. For more information, visit our Title V website. Topography The configuration of a surface, especially the Earths surface, including its relief and the position of its natural and man-made features. Total Organic Gases (TOG) Gaseous organic compounds, including reactive organic gases and the relatively unreactive organic gases such as methane. Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) Particles of solid or liquid matter -- such as soot, dust, aerosols, fumes and mist -- up to approximately 30 microns in size. An air pollutant, identified in regulation by the ARB, which may cause or contribute to an increase in deaths or in serious illness, or which may pose a present or potential hazard to human health. TACs are considered under a different regulatory process (California Health and Safety Code section 39650 et seq.) than pollutants subject to CAAQSs. Health effects to TACs may occur at extremely low levels and it is typically difficult to identify levels of exposure which do not produce adverse health effects. For more information, visit our toxics website. Toxic Best Available Control Technology (T-BACT) The most effective emission limitation or control technique which has been achieved in practice or found by the ARB Executive Officer or Air Pollution Control Officer of the local districts to be technologically feasible. A location where emissions from specific sources may expose individuals and population groups to elevated risks of adverse health effects -- including but not limited to cancer -- and contribute to the cumulative health risks of emissions from other sources in the area. For more information, visit our toxics hot spots website. Transfer Efficiency For coatings. a measure of the percent of the total amount of coating used which is transferred to a unit surface by a spray gun or other device. Transport Refrigeration Unit (TRU) Refrigeration systems powered by integral internal combustion engines designed to control the environment of temperature-sensitive products that are transported in trucks and refrigerated trailers. TRUs may be capable of both cooling and heating. Transportation Control Measure (TCM) Any control measure to reduce vehicle trips, vehicle use, vehicle miles traveled, vehicle idling, or traffic congestion for the purpose of reducing motor vehicle emissions. TCMs can include encouraging the use of carpools and mass transit. The layer of the Earths atmosphere nearest to the surface of the Earth. The troposphere extends outward about five miles at the poles and about 10 miles at the equator. Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle (ULEV) A vehicle that meets the ARBs ultra-low emission standards of 0.125 grams per mile of NMOG NOx. The average 2010 car sold in California is a ULEV. See our Drive Clean website. Underground Storage Tank (UST) Refers to tanks used to store gasoline underground. For more information, vist the underground storage tank website. The federal agency charged with setting policy and guidelines and carrying out legal mandates for the protection of national interests in environmental resources. For more information, visit the U. S. EPA website. Unit Risk Number The number of potential excess cancer cases from a lifetime exposure to one microgram per cubic meter (m3) of a given substance. For example, a unit risk value of 5.5x10-6 would indicate an estimated 5.5 cancer cases per million people exposed to an average concentration of 1 m3 of a specific carcinogen for 70 years. Upstream Emissions Emissions from processes that take place up to when the fuel enters a vehicle---typically during extraction, production, distribution and dispensing of the fuel. Urban Airshed Model A three-dimensional photochemical grid model designed to calculate the concentrations of both inert and chemically reactive pollutants in the atmosphere. It simulates the physical and chemical processes that affect pollution concentrations. Used Vehicle Any vehicle that has been transferred after being issued a title and has over 7,500 miles. (Reference statute: HampS code 43150-43156.) The gaseous phase of liquids or solids at atmospheric temperature and pressure. Vapor Density The vapor density is expressed in grams per liter (gL) and is compared to the density of air (air1). Vapor Pressure The pressure, often expressed in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) or pounds per square inch (PSI), that is characteristic at any given temperature of a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid or solid form. Vapor Recovery Systems Mechanical systems that collect and recover chemical vapors resulting from transfer of gasoline from operations such as tank-to-truck systems at refineries, tanker-to-pipeline systems at offshore oil operations and pump-to-vehicle systems at gasoline stations. For more information, visit our vapor recovery website. Permission granted for a limited time (under stated conditions) for a person or company to operate outside the limits prescribed in a regulation. Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) The miles traveled by motor vehicles over a specified length of time (e. g. daily, monthly or yearly) or over a specified road or transportation corridor. Vessel Speed Reduction (VSR) A way to reduce emissions of NOx. SOx. diesel PM and CO 2 from oceangoing vessels. Emissions are decreased when vessels slow their speeds, thereby reducing the energy requirements of the main engine. The Ports of Los Angeles (POLA), Long Beach (POLB), and San Diego (POSD) currently have a voluntary VSR program in place which requests that vessels slow to 12 knots from certain distances from port (20 nautical miles (nm) for POSD and 20 or 40 nm for POLA and POLB). Ports typically offer incentives for complying. The degree to which a fluid resists flow under an applied force. A measurement of the ability to see and identify objects at different distances. Visibility reduction from air pollution is often due to the presence of sulfur and nitrogen oxides. as well as particulate matter. Visibility Reducing Particles (VRP) Any particles in the atmosphere that obstruct the range of visibility. Any substance that evaporates readily. Carbon-containing compounds that evaporate into the air (with a few exceptions). VOCs contribute to the formation of smog andor may themselves be toxic. VOCs often have an odor and some examples include gasoline, alcohol and the solvents used in paints. Water Base Water used as the solvent for coatings such paint. Water Solubility The solubility of a substance in water provides information on the fate and transport in the environment. The higher the water solubility, the greater the tendency to remain dissolved and the less likely to volatilize from the water. Low water soluble substances will volatilize more readily in water and will partition to soil or bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms. Weight of Evidence The extent to which the available information supports the hypothesis that a substance causes an effect in humans. For example, factors which determine the weight-of-evidence that a chemical poses a hazard to humans include the number of tissue sites affected by the agent the number of animal species, strains, sexes, relationship, statistical significance in the occurrence of the adverse effect in treated subjects compared to untreated controls and, the timing of the occurrence of adverse effect. Welfare-Based Standard (Secondary Standard) An air quality standard that prevents, reduces, or minimizes injury to agricultural crops and livestock, damage to and the deterioration of property and hazards to air and ground transportation. Well to Tank Emissions associated with a fuel from extraction to the tank it sits in prior to entering a vehicle. Well to Wheels Emissions associated with a fuel from extraction to when it enters and is used by a vehicle. Woodburning Pollution Air pollution caused by woodburning stoves and fireplaces that emit particulate matter. carbon monoxide and odorous and toxic substances. For more information, visit our disposal of non-industrial wood waste website. Vehicles which produce no emissions from the on-board source of power (e. g. an electric vehicle). For more information, visit our zero emission vehicles program website or our Drive Clean website. This gloss has been reviewed by the staff of the California Air Resources Board and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the ARB. Although the ARB has taken many steps to ensure that the information in this gloss is correct and up-to-date, readers should note that the codes are frequently amended, and the courts from time to time interpret their provisions. When necessary, readers should consult the official codes and handbooks or procure the services of an attorney. Copies of the California Codes can be found in each countys library and in law school libraries.